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مقدمہ

ایک انسان جب اس کائنات پر غور وفکر کرتا ہے تو اسے کوئی بھی چیز بے مقصد نظر نہیں آتی۔ ہر چیز کی تخلیق کا ایک مقصد ہوتاہے پھر آخر انسان کی تخلیق کا مقصد کیا ہے ؟ انسان کیوں پیدا کیا گیا ؟ کیا اس لیے کہ دنیا میں خوب عیاشی کی زندگی گزارے، دوسروں پر ظلم کرے اور پھر مٹی میں مل کر مٹی ہوجائے ؟ یا اس لیے کہ لوگوں کے ظلم و ستم کا نشانہ بنتا رہے اور اپنے حق کے لیے کچھ بھی نہ کرسکے ؟

جب ہم اس کرۂ ارض پر موجود انسانوں کے حالات کا بنظر غائر جائزہ لیتے ہیں تو دونوں طبقات موجود پاتے ہیں۔ ایک طرف وہ لوگ ہیں جن کے جانور بھی ائرکنڈیشنڈ کمروں میں زندگی سے لطف اندوز ہوتے ہیں اور دوسری طرف وہ انسان بھی اسی زمین پر بستے ہیں جن کی بودوباش چوپائیوں جیسی ہے۔

پچپن سے ہی جب میں اس معاشرتی تفاوت پر نظر دوڑاتا تو میرا دل خون کے آنسو روتا اور میرا ضمیر مجھے کچوکے دے کر پوچھتا کہ کیا غریب پیدا ہی اس لیے ہوا ہے کہ وہ وہیں سے پانی پیئے جہاں سے چولستان کی گائے پانی پیتی ہے اور کیا امیر پیدا ہی اس لیے ہوا ہے کہ وہ اپنا پینے کا پانی بھی فرانس سے منگوائے اور دنیا کی رنگینیوں سے خوب لطف اندوز ہو ؟ معاشرے میں موجود غیر عادلانہ نظام نے مجھے پاکستان کی سیاسی اور غیر سیاسی، دینی و غیر دینی جماعتوں کا جائزہ لینے پر مجبور کیا اور میں نے بہت قریب سے مختلف قائدین کو دیکھا اور جانچا۔

میں ایک مضطرب انسان ہوں۔ پاکستان کی سیاسی دینی تحریکوں پر پہلے ہی بہت کام ہوچکا ہے اور پھر میں نظریاتی طور پر سیاسی دینی...

Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Compared to Valsartan and Amlodipine in Stage 2 Hypertension

Background: Hypertension is a growing medical and public health issue. The United States and European treatment guidelines have been issued to attain smooth control of hypertension in various categories of patients. It is a need of time to unveil safe combination therapies in various populations. Objectives: (i) To determine the efficacy of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide versus valsartan and amlodipine (ii) To determine the safety and tolerability of both combinations. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted at Shalamar Hospital Lahore. 126 patients with stage 2 hypertension were recruited from the medical outdoor of Shalamar Hospital Lahore after getting informed consent. In group A, 63 patients were given valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide. In group B, 63 patients were given valsartan and amlodipine. Blood pressure (BP) of both study groups was recorded on day zero, 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks and the readings were entered on a Proforma. The efficacy of drug combinations was accessed in both groups by recording the change in mean systolic blood pressure (MSBP) and mean diastolic blood pressure (MDBP). The safety and tolerability of the drug combinations were assessed in terms of side effects and laboratory findings. Results: In group A, there was a 39±7mmzHg and 18±1mmHg decrease in MSBP and MDBP, respectively, from baseline BP. In group B, there was a 26.7±4mmHg and 14±2 mmHg decrease in MSBP and MDBP, respectively, from baseline BP. Both combinations were safe, and no significant difference in the efficacy of both combinations was observed after 8-week of treatment. Conclusion: Both combinations are effective for control of BP, but the valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide combination (group A) appears to have better tolerability and greater effect in decreasing BP as compared to the combination of valsartan and amlodipine (group B), although this difference is not statistically significant.  

Development and Analysis of Batch and Continuous Crystallization Models

This thesis presents the development and simulation of batch and continuous crystallization models. Especially, models are derived for simulating batch and continuous enantioselec- tive preferential crystallization processes in single and coupled crystallizers. Such processes are highly important in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The effects of nucleation, growth, and fines dissolution phenomena on the crystal size distribution (CSD) are inves- tigated. For the first time continuous preferential crystallization is investigated and the effects of different seeding and operating strategies on the process are analyzed. To judge the quality of the process some goal functions are used, such as purity, productivity, yield and mean crystal size of the preferred enantiomer. The semi-discrete high resolution finite volume schemes (HR-FVS) and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method are proposed for solving these models. The resulting systems of ordinary differential equa- tions (ODEs) are solved by using explicit and nonlinearly stable high order Runge- Kutta method. The schemes satisfy the total variation bounded (TVB) property which guarantees the positivity of the schemes, for example the non-negativity of CSD in the present case. The suggested methods have capabilities to capture sharp discontinuities and narrow peaks of the CSD. In DG-schemes, the accuracy of the method can be improved by introducing additional nodes in the same solution element and, thus, avoids the expansion of mesh stencils which is normally observed in high order finite volume schemes. For that reason, the method can be easily applied up to boundary cells without loosing accuracy. It was found that the proposed numerical schemes have the capability to solve the given models more efficiently and accurately. The results support process design and optimization.
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مطالعہ یہودیت
مطالعہ یہودیت

Written for students who likely have either no knowledge of Judaism or else come to the subject with preconceptions highly colored by political and religious polemics, this book offers a comprehensive introduction to the Jewish tradition from religious, historical, and cultural perspectives.

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