حمد باری تعالیٰ
ہر دَم صفت اللہ دی کرئیے جس دے کرم گھنیرے
ہر مشکل وچ مدد کریندا، ہے شہ رگ توں اوہ نیڑے
جیہڑے رو رو عرض نیں کردے اللہ دے دربارے
دور انہاں دی مشکل ہوندی دکھ مٹ جاندے سارے
جئے میں ویکھاں عیباں ولے کِتے نہ میری ڈھوئی
جئے میں ویکھاں فضلاں ولے جند خوشیاں نال پروئی
کرم تیرے تے ناز کریماں میں وچ عیب ہزاراں
صدقہ پاک محبوبؐ اپنے دا بخشیں اوگنہاراں
Background: Inadequate child feeding practices lead to malnutrition, higher under-five mortality rates and adverse effects on quality of life. This study aimed to assess the breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of mothers as well as the influence of various sociodemographic factors on them in local families of Lahore. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. It was conducted in CMH (Combined Military Hospital), Lahore in 2018. It comprises a sample of 203 mothers with children of at least two years of age, from various urban areas of Lahore. The subjects were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Mothers with psychiatric illnesses and children with congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Mothers were approached in the paediatric outpatient departments of four tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Responses were recorded using a modified version of the Action Contre La Faim (ACF) questionnaire. Independent sample t-test and chi-square test were applied for analysis of the data. Results: Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour from birth was observed in 83.3% children. Most children were administered colostrum (69.5%). The rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months was 45.3%. A child was being breastfed 8.21 ± 6.67 (mean ± SD) times a day. Maternal educational status, total number of adults in a household, and access to free healthcare were identified as important factors influencing the practice of breastfeeding. Porridge, khichdi, eggs, fruit and yoghurt were the most frequently used complementary foods. Conclusions: A high rate of an early start of breastfeeding and a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months were predominant in our population. Administration of colostrum was observed in approximately two-thirds of the study participants. Education of the mother, type of the family system (nuclear or combined), and access to free healthcare strongly influence the breastfeeding practices.
In this thesis, the problems of flow and ion-induced deformation of soft porous bi ological tissues have been examined by using continuum mixture theory approach. In particular, we focus on the tissue deformation due to non-Newtonian fluid and externally applied magnetic field. In this regard, we first analyze the problem of non-Newtonian flow-induced deformation from pressurized cavities in absorbing porous tissues. Specifically, a model with a spherical cavity embedded in an in finite porous medium is used to find fluid pressure and solid displacement in the tissue as a function of non-dimensional radial distance and time. The governing nonlinear equations have been solved numerically to highlight effects of various emerging parameters. Furthermore, based on the geometry of the previous prob lem, the effect of the externally applied magnetic field on flow-induced deformation of absorbing porous tissues is investigated. A biphasic mixture theory approach has been used to develop a mathematical model. The governing dimensionless equations for fluid pressure and solid displacement have been solved numerically using the method of lines approach and the trapezoidal rule, respectively. The effect of magnetic parameter on fluid pressure and solid displacement is illustrated graphically. Finally, the problem of ion-induced deformation of articular cartilage with strain-dependent nonlinear permeability and magnetohydrodynamic effects is presented. The governing set of coupled partial differential equations are non dimensionalized using suitable dimensionless variables. Analytical solutions are provided for the constant permeability case whereas for the nonlinear permeabil ity case the displacement equation is solved numerically using the method of lines technique. The influence of magnetic and permeability parameter on solid dis placement and fluid pressure is illustrated graphically. In some cases, a graphical comparison to the previously reported literature is also presented.
