موضوع11:لسانی تشکیلات اور افتخار جالب
لسانی تشکیلات کی تحریک یا روّیے کی مباحث افتخار جالب نے شروع کی۔ماضی کے لسانی ڈھانچے پر سوالات اٹھائے۔ اور لفظیات کے نئے آفاق کو ترتیب دیا۔ ان کا انسانی مسائل اور لسانی لہجے میں اظہاری انسلاک نظر نہیں آتا۔ جس میں شاعری کے ابہام ابھرتے ہیں۔ ان کے خیال میں ماضی اور اس سے متعلقہ تمام روایات اپنی موت آپ مرچکی ہے۔ ان کے خیال میں لغوی اور شعری معنئی کا فرق ایک تسلیم شدہ حقیقت ہے۔ لیکن افتخار جالب نے لغوی اور کشافی معنویت کے خلاف اپنا علم بغاوت اٹھا کر نعرہ قلندر بلند کیا کہ قواعد { گرائمر ، اجتماعیت اور ابلاغ تک توسیع دے دی جس سے چند مغاطے بھی پیدا ہوئے۔
افتخار جالب نے کلاسکیل اردو شاعری کے لسانی کے جمالیاتی اور اظہاری لیجے کے علاوہ ترقی پسند شعریاتی زبان پر سخت تنقید کی۔ حالانکہ افتخار جالب کا جھکاو بائیں بازو کی جانب تھا ، وہ ٹریڈ یونینسٹ تھے۔ اور ٹریڈ یونینسٹ سرگرمیوں میں فعال حصہ لینے کی پاداش میں ان کو الائید بنک کی نوکری سے ہاتھ دھونا پڑا۔ افتخار جالب دراصل نحوی ترکیب کا نیا شعری باطن تخلیق کرنا چاہتے تھے۔ انہوں نے معنی اور در معنی کے حوالے سے کئی سوالات اٹھائے۔ اور معنی میں معنی کو تلاش کرتے رہے۔ انہوں نے زنگ آلود افکار ، فرسودہ تراکیب، رموز، پامال کلمات، بدبو دار تشبہیات اور استعاروں کے خلاف آواز اٹھائی۔ اور انہوں نے اس جامد اسلوب شعر اور پھیکے جذبات کے خلاف آواز بلند کی۔ مگر ان کے قبیلے میں شامل شعرا ان کی بات کو نہیں سمجھ سکے اور ایک مضوعی دنیا کی شاعری کرتے رہے اور اردو میں ’’ نئی نئی شاعری’’ خلق نہیں کرسکے۔ اس سلسلے میں افتخار جالب نے اپنی کتاب ’’ لسانی تشکیلات اور قدیم بنجر پن میں...
This article discusses the urgency of a management development program. A development principle that combines experiential learning, classroom learning and learning through others. The program development strategy can run well if it is accompanied by a well-planned human resource and capacity development program. So that it is expected to be able to help achieve the goals in producing high quality human resources. The human resource development strategy is a plan on how the quality of human resources can develop into a better direction and increase their work capacity. And have good loyalty to the company. Human resource development is needed for the continuity of a company so that it can develop more dynamically. Because human resources are the most important element in a company.
Peach is the second most important stone fruit crop of Pakistan after apricot. Stone fruits are characteristically soft-fleshed, high in water contents thus highly perishable and they have a limited market life potential. Fruit quality is another important aspect which is desired by the consumers and high quality fruits give high economic returns. In Pakistan not much emphasis was given to develop methodologies to get high quality than quantity. Enhancement of the fruit quality like size, color, texture and nutrient contents to high level is only possible during the growth and development in pre-harvest phase, whereas, maintenance of the fruit quality for long time is possible with better postharvest management. Preharvest factors often interact in complex ways. Peaches are climacteric fruit and are harvested at mature stage before ripening. After harvest rapid ripening in peach fruit is responsible for short shelf life and represents a serious constraint for efficient handling and transportation for local as well as for distant markets. Ripening can be slowed down by cold storage. However, cold storage life of peach is frequently limited by chilling injury (CI) and losses in quality. Peach fruits after extended cold storage present symptoms of internal breakdown (IB). These symptoms are attributed to low calcium content. The search for alternative treatments that would maintain the fruit quality for longer period to transport the fruit to distant markets is the most important issue for peach industry. On the other hand, food safety is a major concern shared by consumers, industry and governments. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible effects of different concentrations of food grade chemicals like calcium chloride (1%, 2 % and 3%), putrescine (1mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) and salicylic Acid (1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) during fruit growth on tree 1 2 and after harvesting the fruit to improve fruit quality and to extend the storage potential of peach fruit. The fruit was stored for six weeks at 1 ± 1 ºC with 90-95 % relative humidity. Changes in fresh weight, color, ethylene synthesis, total soluble solids, fruit firmness, sugars, total antioxidants, enzymes, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and membrane leakage as affected by different treatments were studied. In the first experiment (Pre-harvest treatments) CaCl2 (1 % ) and Put (2 mM) treatments increased fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp: stone ratio and yield compared to control. All treatments resulted in higher fruit firmness, acidity and ascorbic acid contents than control at harvest. Higher calcium treatments proved toxic. When these fruits were placed in cold store, the results revealed that foliar application of Put (2 mM) significantly suppressed ethylene production during storage and prolonged storage life of peach fruit. The undesirable changes in fruit firmness, TA, SSC, and concentration of ascorbic acid in the fruit flesh, were significantly slowed down by Put treatments. Development of fruit color after harvest was significantly delayed by foliar applications of Put (2 mM). Higher antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD) activity, free radical scavenging activity and sensory evaluation was also maintained by Put (2 mM) treatment. During the second experiment where no preharvest treatment was applied rather only postharvest effect of treatments was compared, CaCl2 (2 %) concentration was proved to be the most effective in marinating the quality till the end of the storage. From present work it can be referred that spraying calcium chloride and putrescine can be equally effective in improving yield and physicochemical characteristics of peach cv. „Flordaking‟. Furthermore, it can be concluded 3 that storability of „Flordaking‟ peaches can be extended by pre-harvest Put (2 mM) treatment. While the results of the second experiment suggest that CaCl2 (2 %) treatment can be successfully used if processors get fruit which was not treated during preharvest to maintain the quality of peach fruit during storage which can be effective in marketing it to the distant areas.
