ذولفقار علی بھٹو کی سپریم کورٹ میں آخری تقریر
بعد ازاں اپیل کنندہ کے ذریعے عدالت میں ایک تحریری درخواست بھی پیش کی گئی تھی جس میں اس معاملے کے کچھ پہلوئوں پر ذاتی طور پر عدالت سے خطاب کرنے کے موقع کی درخواست کی گئی ۔ اس درخواست کی اجازت دی گئی اور اسی مناسبت سے اپیل کنندہ 1978 ء میں 18 سے 21 دسمبر تک ذاتی طور پر چار دن عدالت میں پیش ہوا ۔ اپیل کنندہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے تقریباً بارہ گھنٹوں پر پھیلے ہوئے وسیع خطاب میں اپنے اوپر لگائے گئے الزامات سے انکار کیا جو کہ بے مقصد، مستغیث اعلیٰ احمد رضا قصوری نے قتل کے گواہ ہونے سے متعلق لگائے تھے۔ اس وقت کے فیڈرل سکیورٹی فورس کے ڈائریکٹر جنرل اور گواہ مسعود محمود جنھوں نے یہ بھی دعویٰ کیا کہ شواہد میں سازش کے جرم کے کسی ضروری اجزا کی موجودگی کا انکشاف نہیں کیا گیا۔ یعنی متفقہ طور پر شریک سازشیوں خصوصاً مسعود محمود کی طرف سے جس نے اپیل کنندہ کی جانب سے سختی سے استدعا کی تھی اپیل کنندہ نے اس پر تبصرہ کیا کہ گواہوں ،احمد رضا قصوری اور مسعود محمود کے ثبوت میں موروثی تضادات موجود ہیں اور عرض کیا کہ وہ ملک میں مارشل لاء کی مجبوری کے تحت کام کر رہے ہیں۔ انھوں نے کہا کہ اگر استغاثہ یہ چاہتا تھا کہ عدالت ملک میں بطور صدر اور وزیر اعظم اپنے عہدے کے دوران پاکستان میں موجود مبینہ معاشرتی حالت کا عدالتی نوٹس لے تو پھر اس طرح کا نوٹس بھی اس حقیقت پر لیا جانا چاہیے جو مارشل لاء کے تسلسل کے دوران مقدمے کی سماعت میں ثبوت اہم گواہ دے رہے تھے۔ انھوں نے سختی سے استدلال کیا کہ ان کے خلاف سارا مقدمہ جھوٹا اور من...
The research explores the factors affecting employees' job motivation in small and medium enterprises in Dong Nai province from June 2019 to June 2020. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that there are five factors including the following elements: relationships in the organization; interesting job; Salary, bonus, and benefits; Training and promotion and assessment of job performance affects the working motivation of employees in small and medium-sized enterprises in Dong Nai province with the significance of 5%. In addBesidesstudy results were processed from SPSS 20.0, Amos software. Estimated parameters of the model by the least least-squared with a significance level of 1%. The results are also significant scientific evidence for researchers and policymakers at small and medium enterprises in Dong Nai province to apply research results to human resource development in the future. Based on the five-factor test results, the author proposed the priority governance implications that the author suggested in order of priority, respectively, interesting work, performance evaluation, organization, salary, bonus and welfare regime, and training and promotion.
Plastic based products are used worldwide for packing and other consumer goods. Their wider use and non-biodegradable nature make them a serious threat to the environment. In order to circumvent the problem, incineration and dumping them in soil are the common practices. However, these practices are now unacceptable in terms of recent legislation in the matter. Incineration leads to hazardous smoke, whereas frequent land filling contaminates the soil and underground water. Hence, recycling is the ultimate choice and this has two benefits. On one hand the plastics are disposed of and on the other hand some valuable products are also obtained which have substantial benefits for domestic and 22 commercial use. In the present research work thermal decomposition kinetics of polypropylene was investigated in the absence and presence of catalyst (molecular sieve LZ Y52, Zeolite mordenite ammonium, cobalt doped molecular sieve LZ-Y 52, Cu-Co/MS) in a thermobalance system, at isothermal and non isothermal heating conditions with heating rate of 5 oC/min, 10 oC/min, 15 oC/min and 20 oC/min in the temperature range of 30–600 oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The apparent activation energy (Ea) and Pre-exponential factor (A) were determined using Ozawa Flynn Wall, Tang Wanjun and Coats-Redfern (modified) methods. In the absence of catalyst, the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were found in the range 61.3– 110.9 kJmol-1 and 2.1×107 - 3.3×1013 min-1 respectively. The activation energies and pre-exponential factor determined in the presence of molecular sieve LZ-Y52, Co/MS, Cu-Co/MS and zeolite mordenite ammonium catalysts were in the range of 58.38 – 74.50,47.59 – 54.75, 48.36 – 73.81 and 72.77 - 84.12 kJmol-1 and 2.4×107 - 9.05×108, 1.86×106 - 1.9×107, 3.2×106 - 9.9×108 and 2.7×108 - 3.6×109 min-1 respectively. Increasing the heating rate shifted the Tmax to a higher level. The lower activation energies observed indicates breakage of the bonds at weak links. Moreover, the values of kinetic parameters are significantly controlled by the heating rate, level of conversion and calculation technique. A comparison among the different techniques has been made on the basis of the apparent activation energy from the TG data. The activation energies determined by all the three methods are in good agreement with each other. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of model polypropylene was carried out over the temperature range 350-415°C in an indigenously manufactured furnace using Pyrex reaction vessel. The liquid and gaseous fractions produced were collected and monitored using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The conditions for thermal and catalytic degradation were optimized for maximum liquid oil production. 10% catalyst amount, temperature 395 oC, nitrogen flow rate 16 mL/min and reaction time 60 minutes were the optimum conditions used during experimental work.It was found that, in case of thermal degradation no condensable 23 products were observed while in case of catalytic degradation more than 70% condensable products were obtained at 395oC for 1 hour. In commercial catalysts molecular sieve LZ-Y52 while in modified catalysts the cobalt doped was found to be preeminent catalysts for the conversion of model polypropylene in to valuable products. The physical parameters of the oil obtained from the pyrolysis of PP in the presence of catalysts were determined so as to evaluate its potential application for fuel oil and compared with standard values of gasoline, diesel and kerosene oil. The values of physical parameters were found out to be in close agreements with the standard values of diesel and kerosene oil. Moreover, the study conducted on pure polypropylene on laboratory scale could successfully be applied to waste polypropylene on commercial scale.
