جامعہ الازہر میں اردو شناسی
مصر میں ہمارا آخری پڑائو جامعہ الازہر تھا ۔میرے خیال میں مصر کی تاریخ جامعہ الازہر کے بغیر نامکمل ہے ۔دس لاکھ بشمول پچاس ہزار غیر ملکی طالب علموں کی علمی آبیاری کر نے والے اس ادارے کو دیکھنا اور وہاں کے اساتذہ اور طلبہ سے مصاحبہ اور مکالمہ کرنا مسافر کی بڑ ی آرزو تھی۔ پوری مسلم امہ میں شاید یہ واحد بڑی درسگاہ ہے جہاں لگ بھگ سات درجن شعبہ جات میں دینی اور دنیوی علوم کی تدریس ہوتی ہے ۔میں نے دکتور محمود سے پوچھا کہ کون سے بڑے علو م ہیںجو یہاں پڑھائے جاتے ہیں ۔انھوں نے برجستہ کہا سارے علوم ۔انھوں نے پھر وضاحت کی کہ دینی علوم تو ہیں سارے اس کے علاوہ ہندسہ،طب ،معاشیات ،بنکاری ، تجارت ، تاریخ ، تصوف،ادب،ارضیات،عمرانیات،تہذیب اور سائنس غرض بہت سارے علوم ہیں ۔ دکتور محمود نے علم و فنون کا طویل پہاڑ ا ایک سانس میں سنا دیا ۔میں نے ان سے پوچھا کہ اس طویل فہرست میں آپ نے اس شعبے کا نام نہیں لیا جہاں جانا میری خواہش ہے ۔ ہنس کر کہنے لگے ’’اردو‘‘جی بالکل جامعہ ا لازہر ہی نہیں بلکہ مصر کی چھے سات جامعات میں شعبہ اردو ہے ۔
ہم جامعہ کے صدر دروازے سے داخل ہوئے جس پر جلی حروف میں ’’جامعہ الازہر فرع البنات ‘‘لکھا تھا گیٹ پر ضروری سیکورٹی کلیرنس کے بعد ہمیں شعبہ اردو کی طرف جانے کی اجازت دے دی گئی ۔ہم شعبہ اردو کی طرف جا ہی رہے تھے کہ ایک طالبہ دوڑتی ہوئے ہمارے پاس آئی اور عربی آمیز اردو لہجے میں مخاطب ہوئی کہ ’’آپ لوگ پاکستان سے آئے ہیں ؟‘‘دکتور ابراہیم اپنے دفتر میں آپ کا انتظار کر رہے ہیں ۔‘‘ہم ان کے ساتھ ہو لیے اور صدر شعبہ...
For peace in a society and to protect the lives and properties of all the individuals living in a society, it is necessary that there must be certain rules and regulations that govern the whole system of society. A guideline for each and every aspect of human life should be there. For this purpose Islamic law or Shariah law took origin to govern an Islamic state and for avoiding injustice and to preserve human dignity Shariah law prescribes different forms of punishment which constitute the basic criminal justice system of Islam. These include Qisas, Diyat and Harabah. Thus, the Quran not only specifies principles of retaliation in the form of Qisas but also gives an option of monetary compensation (blood money Diyat) to the aggrieved family of the victim. The fear of the consequences in the form of punishments prescribed by the Shariah Law must be there in a person's mind before he commits a crime and this fear will abstain from violating human dignity by destroying his life and property.
The objective of this dissertation is to investigate and design adaptive beamforming algorithms in order to improve the performance of wireless cellular technology in spatial domain. For this purpose, blind and non-blind beamforming concepts and related algorithms are investigated; Least Mean square (LMS), Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and others. These algorithms suffer from optimization problems like gain enhancement, interference rejection, high power transmission, bit error rate (BER), minimization of mean square error (MSE) and rate of convergence which undermines their performance in the application of smart antenna array system. In view of these deficiencies, non-blind technique using LMS and MUSIC algorithms is evaluated for selection of parameters for further analysis. A new algorithm namely Bessel Least Mean Square (BLMS) is proposed. Its performance is then evaluated and compared with LMS in order to determine its efficiency in terms of array gain, MSE, BER and convergence performance based on the chosen parameters. Performance improvement is achieved by proposed algorithm over the conventional LMS algorithm. The improvement in BLMS is attributed by introducing a non-uniform step size. This non-uniform step size is obtained from the interaction of Bessel and step size functions. The Bessel function of the first kind has inherent monotonically decreasing property which generates coefficients equal to the number of elements that helps the proposed BLMS algorithm in convergence effectively as compared to LMS algorithm that is based on a constant step size. Further, the analysis of blind technique using CMA and MUSIC algorithms has similarly been investigated for the same selected parameters as above. For blind beamforming, novel algorithms named as Kaiser Constant Modulus Algorithm (KCMA) and Hamming CMA (HAMCMA) using window techniques are proposed and implemented. Their performance is then compared with CMA in terms of array gain, MSE and BER. The KCMA has shown improved performance and this improvement in KCMA is justified in terms of facilitating independent control of the main lobe width and ripple ratio. The HAMCMA, based on fixed type window function has shown better xx iv results in terms of array gain and sidelobe level (SLL) but lacks in BER performance as compared to CMA. The reduction in SLL by these blind beamforming algorithms signifies that using the proposed methods the interferences are very low. Finally, BLMS with Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is proposed by making its step size variable which can update itself from signal array vector. The real model of BLMS is developed and tested for its efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE using the “wavrecord” function to bring live audio data in WAV format into the MATLAB workspace and compared with real model of LMS in terms of gain and MSE. From the results presented in the thesis, it is concluded that the proposed algorithms lead to improve in the performance as compared to LMS and CMA algorithms and can be utilized efficiently for further enhancement of wireless cellular technology.
